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Apply It! center dot Explore how attentional focused cues affect performance based on exercise modality and intensity. center dot Identify how and when to apply cues that target internal or external focus to optimize training for clients.
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This experiment assessed the influence of internal (movement) or external (outcome) attentional focusing instructions on force production and muscular activity at different movement speeds. Twenty five participants completed 10 re...
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This experiment assessed the influence of internal (movement) or external (outcome) attentional focusing instructions on force production and muscular activity at different movement speeds. Twenty five participants completed 10 reps of single arm elbow flexions on an isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60°, 180° and 300°s-1 under three conditions (control trial, followed by counterbalanced internal and external focus trials). EMG activity of the biceps brachii and net joint elbow flexor torque were measured. An external focus was associated with significantly lower EMG at all speeds when compared to an internal focus. However, an external focus resulted in greater torque production only at 60°s-1 when compared to an internal focus. These findings suggest that movement speed may influence the efficacy of different attentional focusing instructions, with implications for the instruction of movements in sport, exercise and rehabilitation settings.
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Purpose: Studies have suggested that the use of visual information may underlie the benefit associated with an external focus of attention. Recent studies exploring this connection have primarily relied on motor tasks that involve...
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Purpose: Studies have suggested that the use of visual information may underlie the benefit associated with an external focus of attention. Recent studies exploring this connection have primarily relied on motor tasks that involve manipulation of an object (object projection). The present study examined whether vision influences the effect of attentional focus on the performance of body movements through space (body projection). Method: Participants (N=24, M-age=25.0 +/- 3.3 years) performed a maximum vertical jump in a room with a 4-m ceiling under full-vision and no-vision conditions. Additionally, participants performed 3 trials under each of 3 attentional conditions, presented in a counterbalanced order: external focus (ExF; concentrate on the ceiling and try to touch it), internal focus (InF; concentrate on your fingers and try to bring them up as high as possible), and control (Con; no-focus instruction). Results: Results indicated that regardless of visual condition, a statistically significant difference was observed such that participants in the ExF condition (30.93 +/- 8.37cm) jumped significantly higher than participants in both the InF (30.09 +/- 8.66cm, p=.004, d=0.68) and Con (30.23 +/- 8.73cm, p=.002, d=0.57) conditions. Furthermore, jump height was overall significantly higher in the full-vision condition compared with the no-vision condition (p=.004, d=0.47). Importantly, there was no interaction between ExF and vision. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate the benefit of an ExF on a body projection task and further provide evidence of the independence of ExF and visual information.
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The present investigation studied the effects of different focus of attention training on gait performance. Twelve volunteers with Multiple Sclerosis and with an average disability score (Expanded Disability Status Scale= 6.5) wer...
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The present investigation studied the effects of different focus of attention training on gait performance. Twelve volunteers with Multiple Sclerosis and with an average disability score (Expanded Disability Status Scale= 6.5) were selected from a Medical School and took part in a three-phase intervention including baseline, internal focus, and external focus, for eight weeks. In the baseline condition, the participants walked on a treadmill without any information. In the first (internal-focus) intervention they focused on foot performance and in the second (external-focus) intervention they focused on external markers and auditory information. The results of within-group analysis of variance showed that the external intervention was significantly (p<. .05) better than the other conditions for stride length, step length, step speed, and gait energy expenditure, but not for force and stride timing (p>. .05).In conclusion, the second (external-focus) intervention was found to be an appropriate perceptual training method and to result in improvements in some of the gait performance parameters. ? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
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Purpose: Research has demonstrated that verbal instructions directing attention externally (i.e., toward the effect of the movement) significantly enhance motor skill performance, and this effect is enhanced when the distance of t...
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Purpose: Research has demonstrated that verbal instructions directing attention externally (i.e., toward the effect of the movement) significantly enhance motor skill performance, and this effect is enhanced when the distance of the external focus relative to the body is increased. However, few studies have investigated this distance-of-focus effect in children. The present study aimed to examine the effect of increasing the distance of an external focus on children's motor performance in 2 experiments. Method: In Experiment 1, children performed standing long jumps under 3 instructional conditions (control, internal attentional focus, and external attentional focus). In Experiment 2, children performed standing long jumps under 4 instructional conditions (control, internal, proximal external attentional focus, and distal external attentional focus). Results: In Experiment 1, results revealed a statistically significant jump distance advantage for the external focus condition. In Experiment 2, a statistically significant jump distance advantage for the distal external focus condition was found. However, instructional and task characteristics beyond distance of focus may have been influential. Conclusions: External focus instructions benefit children's jump performance, but specifically when they are supported by a concrete movement goal reflecting relevant performance criteria. These findings highlight the importance of examining the content of instructions and relevant task characteristics provided to children beyond attentional focus to consider their motivational characteristics.
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Context Altered biomechanics displayed by individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a possible cause of recurring injuries and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Current interventions are unable to modify aberrant biomechanic...
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Context Altered biomechanics displayed by individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a possible cause of recurring injuries and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Current interventions are unable to modify aberrant biomechanics, leading to research efforts to determine if real-time external biofeedback can result in changes. Objective To determine the real-time effects of visual and auditory biofeedback on functional-task biomechanics in individuals with CAI. Design Crossover study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Nineteen physically active adults with CAI (7 men, 12 women; age = 23.95 ± 5.52 years, height = 168.87 ± 6.94 cm, mass = 74.74 ± 15.41 kg). Intervention(s) Participants randomly performed single-limb static balance, step downs, lateral hops, and forward lunges during a baseline and 2 biofeedback conditions. Visual biofeedback was given through a crossline laser secured to the dorsum of the foot. Auditory biofeedback was given through a pressure sensor placed under the lateral foot and connected to a buzzer that elicited a noise when pressure exceeded the set threshold. Cues provided during the biofeedback conditions were used to promote proper biomechanics during each task. Main Outcome Measure(s) We measured the location of center-of-pressure (COP) data points during balance with eyes open and eyes closed for each condition. Plantar pressure in the lateral column of the foot during functional tasks was extracted. Secondary outcomes of interest were COP area and velocity, time to boundary during static balance, and additional plantar-pressure measures. Results Both biofeedback conditions reduced COP in the anterolateral quadrant while increasing COP in the posteromedial quadrant of the foot during eyes-open balance. Visual biofeedback increased lateral heel pressure and the lateral heel and midfoot pressure-time integral during hops. The auditory condition produced similar changes during the eyes-closed trials. Auditory biofeedback increased heel pressure during step downs and decreased the lateral forefoot pressure-time integral during lunges. Conclusions Real-time improvements in balance strategies were observed during both external biofeedback conditions. Visual and auditory biofeedback appeared to effectively moderate different functional-task biomechanics.
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An external focus of attention has consistently been associated with improved balance (Wulf, 2013). Recent work has considered whether changes in postural control entropy, a measure of repeated movement patterns, could be a factor...
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An external focus of attention has consistently been associated with improved balance (Wulf, 2013). Recent work has considered whether changes in postural control entropy, a measure of repeated movement patterns, could be a factor influencing this benefit. Rheaet al. (2019) reported that during quiet standing sample entropy when using an external focus was increased relative to baseline, whereas an internal focus did not differ from baseline. External and internal focus conditions did not differ from each other, but the authors speculated this difference may emerge with more complex balance tasks. The purpose of the present study was to determine if sample entropy and standard deviation of angular displacement differed when balancing on a stability platform while using an external, internal, or holistic focus. Young healthy adults (N = 36) completed three familiarization trials on the stability platform, followed by three trials each using an external focus (focus on keeping markers level), an internal focus (focus on keeping feet level), and a holistic focus (focus on feeling calm and stable). All trials lasted 20 s, and focus condition order was counterbalanced. Angular displacement of the platform was recorded at a frequency of 25 Hz, and sample entropy and standard deviation of angular displacement were calculated using a custom MATLAB code. Separate mixed ANOVAs for each dependent variable were used to assess differences due to focus and condition order, and Sidak post-hoc tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Results indicated an external focus led to higher sample entropy than a holistic focus (p = .001) and internal focus (p = .031). Standard deviation trended toward lower values with an external focus, but was influenced by a Focus x Order interaction. These results suggest that an external focus may promote more adaptive movement adjustments relative to a holistic focus and an internal focus.
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Research progress assessing the role of attentional focusing instructions on skill acquisition and performance has lead researchers to apply this approach to force production tasks. Initial converging evidence indicates that force...
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Research progress assessing the role of attentional focusing instructions on skill acquisition and performance has lead researchers to apply this approach to force production tasks. Initial converging evidence indicates that force production tasks are sensitive to verbal instruction; externally focused instructions (onto movement outcomes, or onto the object force is being exerted against) are shown to be more beneficial than internally focused instructions (focusing attention onto the movements being executed). These benefits are observed for maximal and accurate force production, as well as the maintenance of force production in prolonged tasks. A range of mechanisms are identified supporting the proposal that an external focus promotes movement efficiency in line with energy and effort conservation. Future research is required to assess how this developing body of work interacts with the broader understanding of psychological and physiological factors implicated in the effective production, maintenance, and limitation of maximal or sub-maximal forces.
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This study investigated the effects of internal versus external focus of attention instructions on performance and learning in individuals with either kinesthetic or visual motor imagery dominance. In experiment 1, we tested the e...
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This study investigated the effects of internal versus external focus of attention instructions on performance and learning in individuals with either kinesthetic or visual motor imagery dominance. In experiment 1, we tested the effects of internal versus external focus instructions on stabilometer balance performance using a within-subjects design. The results revealed that individuals with higher visual imagery scores performed the task better under an external focus conditions than an internal focus. Also, no significant differences for attentional focus were observed for individuals with higher kinesthetic imagery scores. In experiment 2, we investigated the effects of internal versus external focus instruction on the performance and learning of dart throwing task using a between-subjects design. Results indicated that kinesthetic dominant participants performed better during acquisition irrespective of attentional focus. However, during retention visual dominant had more accurate throws when adopting an external focus compared to visual dominant participants who adopted an internal focus. No differences were observed when kinesthetic dominant participants adopted an external focus compared to kinesthetic dominant participants that adopted an internal focus. These results indicate that visual dominant participants may benefit more from external focus instruction, but neither focus is more effective for individuals dominant in kinesthetic imagery.
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This study examined biomechanical differences between external and internal foci of attention during vertical jump landings in males and females. Twenty-four healthy adults performed eight vertical jump landings using both interna...
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This study examined biomechanical differences between external and internal foci of attention during vertical jump landings in males and females. Twenty-four healthy adults performed eight vertical jump landings using both internal and external foci while three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data were obtained. Two (focus) by two (sex) analyses of variance (a = 0.05) and Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) were used to compare differences in vertical GRF, joint angular positions and displacements, and lower limb joint angular work between foci and between sexes. Significantly greater knee contributions to total angular work occurred during external versus internal focus landings regardless of sex (p = .013; ES = 0.30). Significantly smaller plantarflexion angles (p = .019; ES = 0.53) and significantly greater knee flexion angles were observed at ground contact (p < .001; ES = 1.11) in males during external focus landings. Females exhibited significantly smaller knee flexion angles at both ground contact during external versus internal focus landings (p = .031; ES = 0.20) and compared to males during external focus landings (p < .001; ES = 1.76). Both peak vertical GRF (p = .003; ES = 1.54) and the ankle contributions to total angular work during loading (p = .026; ES = 1.07) were greater in females versus males regardless of foci, whereas the knee contributions to total angular work during loading were smaller in women (p = .026; ES = 1.07). Males and females might consider adopting an external focus during vertical jump landings to increase knee joint contributions to lower limb energy absorption. Females, in particular, might consider external focus use to decrease peak vertical GRF and increase the knee joint's contribution to total energy absorption to magnitudes similar to those exhibited by males.
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